Danielle always imagined having three children by age 35, but after having her first child at 36, she struggled to conceive a second. After an ectopic pregnancy and several months of trying, her doctors recommended IVF. This unexpected challenge was a case of secondary infertility, a condition affecting about 11% of couples trying for a second child.
“People assume that since they’ve been pregnant before, it will be easy again,” says Dr. Amanda Adeleye, a reproductive endocrinologist. Secondary infertility occurs when a couple faces difficulty conceiving after having one or more children naturally. It can be caused by a range of factors, including hormonal disorders, ovulation issues, fibroids, endometriosis, and low sperm count. Past surgeries like a C-section can also contribute, as scarring or poor healing can interfere with pregnancy. Studies show C-section delivery can lower a woman’s chances of conceiving again by 10%.
Age is another major factor, as egg quality and quantity decline over time. Women who were able to conceive easily in their 20s may find it more difficult in their 30s or beyond.
Despite being common, secondary infertility is often overlooked. Doctors tend to focus on treating the root causes rather than labeling the condition, leaving many women unaware of the term. For Danielle, it wasn’t until she researched her situation that she learned she was experiencing secondary infertility. Similarly, Jennifer, who had one child but suffered two miscarriages, wasn’t told directly by her doctor that she might have secondary infertility. “You’re kind of left in limbo,” she says.
Support groups are beginning to offer help. Organizations like Resolve: The National Infertility Association and Facebook communities for women with secondary infertility are raising awareness and providing a platform for shared experiences.
Fortunately, fertility treatments such as IVF, IUI, donor eggs or sperm, and surrogacy are available. Dr. Shelby Neal from Duke Fertility Center explains that treatments are becoming more tailored to individual needs based on factors like age. “At 36, the approach will be different from that for someone who is 41,” she says.
Raising awareness about secondary infertility is critical for women facing reproductive challenges. Understanding the causes and available treatments can help them make informed decisions and increase their chances of building the family they desire.
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